het verschil in verschjjdingsmiddelen? echt heeeeel veel invloed in hoe het effect van de coke is /wordt.
daar heb je zeker gelijk in versnijding middelen die al vanaf een kilo blok erin zitten
die zijn niet zomaar uitgekozen
veel van ze worden omgezet door de lever in een andere stof die wat weg hebben van cocaine kwa werking ....
levamisole (ieder ziet alleen het wormen middel)bijvoorbeeld 1 van de grootse mixen die er toe gepast wordt
versterkt het cocaine gevoel
het wordt omgezet in het lichaam naar amfetamine of .....
oh lees het nu aminorex wordt het naar omgezet in het lichaam
vandaar dat cocaine na het stoppen nog zo lang kan duren uren plafond dienst
terwijl goede coke je na een uur tog wel kan slepen...\
wat de dealer op de hoek erdoor heen gooit heeft meestal geen meerwaarde aan de coke
Aminorex, a metabolite of the cocaine adulterant levamisole, exerts amphetamine like actions at monoamine transporters
Tina Hofmaier 1,
Anton Luf 2,
Amir Seddik 3,
Thomas Stockner 1,
Marion Holy 1,
Michael Freissmuth 1,
Gerhard F Ecker 3,
Rainer Schmid 2,
Harald H Sitte 4,
Oliver Kudlacek 1
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Free PMC article
Abstract
Psychostimulants such as amphetamine and cocaine are illicitly used drugs that act on neurotransmitter transporters for dopamine, serotonin or norepinephrine. These drugs can by themselves already cause severe neurotoxicity. However, an additional health threat arises from adulterant substances which are added to the illicit compound without declaration. One of the most frequently added adulterants in street drugs sold as cocaine is the anthelmintic drug levamisole. We tested the effects of levamisole on neurotransmitter transporters heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells. Levamisole was 100 and 300-fold less potent than cocaine in blocking norepinephrine and dopamine uptake, and had only very low affinity for the serotonin transporter. In addition, levamisole did not trigger any appreciable substrate efflux. Because levamisole and cocaine are frequently co-administered, we searched for possible allosteric effects; at 30μM, a concentration at which levamisole displayed already mild effects on norepinephrine transport it did not enhance the inhibitory action of cocaine. Levamisole is metabolized to aminorex, a formerly marketed anorectic drug, which is classified as an amphetamine-like substance. We examined the uptake-inhibitory and efflux-eliciting properties of aminorex and found it to exert strong effects on all three neurotransmitter transporters in a manner similar to amphetamine. We therefore conclude that while the adulterant levamisole itself has only moderate effects on neurotransmitter transporters, its metabolite aminorex may exert distinct psychostimulant effects by itself. Given that the half-time of levamisole and aminorex exceeds that of cocaine, it may be safe to conclude that after the cocaine effect "fades out" the levamisole/aminorex effect "kicks in".
Keywords: Adulterant; Aminorex; Cocaine; Levamisole; Neurotransmitter transporter.
Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
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